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Principles of General Chemistry

Table of Contents

• About the Authors

• Acknowledgments

• Dedication

• Preface

• Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry

  • Chapter Introduction
  • Chemistry in the Modern World
  • The Scientific Method
  • A Description of Matter
  • A Brief History of Chemistry
  • The Atom
  • Isotopes and Atomic Masses
  • Introduction to the Periodic Table
  • Essential Elements for Life
  • Essential Skills 1
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 2: Molecules, Ions, and Chemical Formulas

  • Chemical Compounds
  • Chemical Formulas
  • Naming Ionic Compounds
  • Naming Covalent Compounds
  • Acids and Bases
  • Industrially Important Chemicals
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions

  • The Mole and Molar Masses
  • Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
  • Chemical Equations
  • Mass Relationships in Chemical Equations
  • Classifying Chemical Reactions
  • Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
  • Essential Skills 2
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

  • Aqueous Solutions
  • Solution Concentrations
  • Stoichiometry of Reactions in Solution
  • Ionic Equations
  • Precipitation Reactions
  • Acid–Base Reactions
  • The Chemistry of Acid Rain
  • Oxidation–Reduction Reactions in Solution
  • Quantitative Analysis Using Titrations
  • Essential Skills 3
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 5: Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

  • Chapter Introduction
  • Energy and Work
  • Enthalpy
  • Calorimetry
  • Thermochemistry and Nutrition
  • Energy Sources and the Environment
  • Essential Skills 4
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 6: The Structure of Atoms

  • Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation
  • The Quantization of Energy
  • Atomic Spectra and Models of the Atom
  • The Relationship between Energy and Mass
  • Atomic Orbitals and Their Energies
  • Building Up the Periodic Table
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 7: The Periodic Table and Periodic Trends

  • The History of the Periodic Table
  • Sizes of Atoms and Ions
  • Energetics of Ion Formation
  • The Chemical Families
  • Trace Elements in Biological Systems
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 8: Ionic versus Covalent Bonding

  • An Overview of Chemical Bonding
  • Ionic Bonding
  • Lattice Energies in Ionic Solids
  • Lewis Electron Dot Symbols
  • Lewis Structures and Covalent Bonding
  • Exceptions to the Octet Rule
  • Lewis Acids and Bases
  • Properties of Covalent Bonds
  • Polar Covalent Bonds
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Covalent Bonding Models

  • Predicting the Geometry of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
  • Localized Bonding and Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
  • Delocalized Bonding and Molecular Orbitals
  • Polyatomic Systems with Multiple Bonds
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 10: Gases

  • Gaseous Elements and Compounds
  • Gas Pressure
  • Relationships among Pressure, Temperature, Volume, and Amount
  • The Ideal Gas Law
  • Mixtures of Gases
  • Gas Volumes and Stoichiometry
  • The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
  • The Behavior of Real Gases
  • Essential Skills 5
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 11: Liquids

  • The Kinetic Molecular Description of Liquids
  • Intermolecular Forces
  • Unique Properties of Liquids
  • Vapor Pressure
  • Changes of State
  • Critical Temperature and Pressure
  • Phase Diagrams
  • Liquid Crystals
  • Essential Skills 6
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 12: Solids

  • Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
  • The Arrangement of Atoms in Crystalline Solids
  • Structures of Simple Binary Compounds
  • Defects in Crystals
  • Correlation between Bonding and the Properties of Solids
  • Bonding in Metals and Semiconductors
  • Superconductors
  • Polymeric Solids
  • Contemporary Materials
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 13: Solutions

  • Factors Affecting Solution Formation
  • Solubility and Molecular Structure
  • Units of Concentration
  • Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility
  • Colligative Properties of Solutions
  • Aggregate Particles in Aqueous Solution
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics

  • Chapter Introduction
  • Factors That Affect Reaction Rates
  • Reaction Rates and Rate Laws
  • Methods of Determining Reaction Order
  • Using Graphs to Determine Rate Laws, Rate Constants, and Reaction Orders
  • Half-Lives and Radioactive Decay Kinetics
  • Reaction Rates—A Microscopic View
  • The Collision Model of Chemical Kinetics
  • Catalysis
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium

  • The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium
  • The Equilibrium Constant
  • Solving Equilibrium Problems
  • Nonequilibrium Conditions
  • Factors That Affect Equilibrium
  • Controlling the Products of Reactions
  • Essential Skills
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 16: Aqueous Acid–Base Equilibriums

  • The Autoionization of Water
  • A Qualitative Description of Acid–Base Equilibriums
  • Molecular Structure and Acid–Base Strength
  • Quantitative Aspects of Acid–Base Equilibriums
  • Acid–Base Titrations
  • Buffers
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 17: Solubility and Complexation Equilibriums

  • Chapter Introduction
  • Determining the Solubility of Ionic Compounds
  • Factors That Affect Solubility
  • The Formation of Complex Ions
  • Solubility and pH
  • Qualitative Analysis Using Selective Precipitation
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 18: Chemical Thermodynamics

  • Thermodynamics and Work
  • The First Law of Thermodynamics
  • The Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • Entropy Changes and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
  • Free Energy
  • Spontaneity and Equilibrium
  • Comparing Thermodynamics and Kinetics
  • Thermodynamics and Life
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 19: Electrochemistry

  • Chapter Introduction
  • Describing Electrochemical Cells
  • Standard Potentials
  • Comparing Strengths of Oxidants and Reductants
  • Electrochemical Cells and Thermodynamics
  • Commercial Galvanic Cells
  • Corrosion
  • Electrolysis
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry

  • Chapter Introduction
  • The Components of the Nucleus
  • Nuclear Reactions
  • The Interaction of Nuclear Radiation with Matter
  • Thermodynamic Stability of the Atomic Nucleus
  • Applied Nuclear Chemistry
  • The Origin of the Elements
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 21: Periodic Trends and the s-Block Elements

  • Chapter Introduction
  • Overview of Periodic Trends
  • The Chemistry of Hydrogen
  • The Alkali Metals (Group 1)
  • The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
  • The s-Block Elements in Biology
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 22: The p-Block Elements

  • The Elements of Group 13
  • The Elements of Group 14
  • The Elements of Group 15 (The Pnicogens)
  • The Elements of Group 16 (The Chalcogens)
  • The Elements of Group 17 (The Halogens)
  • The Elements of Group 18 (The Noble Gases)
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 23: The d-Block Elements

  • General Trends among the Transition Metals
  • A Brief Survey of Transition-Metal Chemistry
  • Metallurgy
  • Coordination Compounds
  • Crystal Field Theory
  • Transition Metals in Biology
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Chapter 24: Organic Compounds

  • Functional Groups and Classes of Organic Compounds
  • Isomers of Organic Compounds
  • Reactivity of Organic Molecules
  • Common Classes of Organic Reactions
  • Common Classes of Organic Compounds
  • The Molecules of Life
  • End-of-Chapter Material

• Appendix A: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C

• Appendix B: Solubility-Product Constants (Ksp) for Compounds at 25°C

• Appendix C: Dissociation Constants and pKa Values for Acids at 25°C

• Appendix D: Dissociation Constants and pKb Values for Bases at 25°C

• Appendix E: Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C

• Appendix F: Properties of Water

• Appendix G: Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

• Appendix H: Periodic Table of Elements

• Appendix I: Experimentally Measured Masses of Selected Isotopes

• Art and Photo Credits

  • Appendix Introduction
  • Molecular Models
  • Photo Credits