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Chapter 25 Appendix A: Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Chemical Substances at 25°C
| Substance | ΔHf° (kJ/mol) | ΔGf° (kJ/mol) | S° (J/mol K) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum: | |||
| Al(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 28.3 |
| Al(g) | 330.0 | 289.4 | 164.6 |
| AlCl3(s) | −704.2 | −628.8 | 109.3 |
| Al2O3(s) | −1675.7 | −1582.3 | 50.9 |
| Barium: | |||
| Ba(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 62.5 |
| Ba(g) | 180.0 | 146.0 | 170.2 |
| BaO(s) | −548.0 | −520.3 | 72.1 |
| BaCO3(s) | −1213.0 | −1134.4 | 112.1 |
| BaSO4(s) | −1473.2 | −1362.2 | 132.2 |
| Beryllium: | |||
| Be(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.5 |
| Be(g) | 324.0 | 286.6 | 136.3 |
| Be(OH)2(s) | −902.5 | −815.0 | 45.5 |
| BeO(s) | −609.4 | −580.1 | 13.8 |
| Bismuth: | |||
| Bi(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 56.7 |
| Bi(g) | 207.1 | 168.2 | 187.0 |
| Bromine: | |||
| Br(g) | 111.9 | 82.4 | 175.0 |
| Br2(l) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 152.2 |
| Br−(aq) | −121.6 | −104.0 | 82.4 |
| Br2(g) | 30.9 | 3.1 | 245.5 |
| HBr(g) | −36.3 | −53.4 | 198.7 |
| HBr(aq) | −121.6 | −104.0 | 82.4 |
| Cadmium: | |||
| Cd(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 51.8 |
| Cd(g) | 111.8 | — | 167.7 |
| CdCl2(s) | −391.5 | −343.9 | 115.3 |
| CdS(s) | −161.9 | −156.5 | 64.9 |
| Calcium: | |||
| Ca(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 41.6 |
| Ca(g) | 177.8 | 144.0 | 154.9 |
| CaCl2(s) | −795.4 | −748.8 | 108.4 |
| CaF2(s) | −1228.0 | −1175.6 | 68.5 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | −985.2 | −897.5 | 83.4 |
| CaO(s) | −634.9 | −603.3 | 38.1 |
| CaSO4(s) | −1434.5 | −1322.0 | 106.5 |
| CaCO3(s, calcite) | −1207.6 | −1129.1 | 91.7 |
| CaCO3(s, aragonite) | −1207.8 | −1128.2 | 88.0 |
| Carbon: | |||
| C(s, graphite) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.7 |
| C(s, diamond) | 1.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 |
| C(s, fullerene—C60) | 2327.0 | 2302.0 | 426.0 |
| C(s, fullerene—C70) | 2555.0 | 2537.0 | 464.0 |
| C(g) | 716.7 | 671.3 | 158.1 |
| C(g, fullerene—C60) | 2502.0 | 2442.0 | 544.0 |
| C(g, fullerene—C70) | 2755.0 | 2692.0 | 614.0 |
| CBr4(s) | 29.4 | 47.7 | 212.5 |
| CBr4(g) | 83.9 | 67.0 | 358.1 |
| CCl2F2(g) | −477.4 | −439.4 | 300.8 |
| CCl2O(g) | −219.1 | −204.9 | 283.5 |
| CCl4(l) | −128.2 | −62.6 | 216.2 |
| CCl4(g) | −95.7 | −53.6 | 309.9 |
| CF4(g) | −933.6 | −888.3 | 261.6 |
| CHCl3(l) | −134.1 | −73.7 | 201.7 |
| CHCl3(g) | −102.7 | 6.0 | 295.7 |
| CH2Cl2(l) | −124.2 | — | 177.8 |
| CH2Cl2(g) | −95.4 | −68.9 | 270.2 |
| CH3Cl(g) | −81.9 | −58.5 | 234.6 |
| CH4(g) | −74.6 | −50.5 | 186.3 |
| CH3COOH(l) | −484.3 | −389.9 | 159.8 |
| CH3OH(l) | −239.2 | −166.6 | 126.8 |
| CH3OH(g) | −201.0 | −162.3 | 239.9 |
| CH3NH2(l) | −47.3 | 35.7 | 150.2 |
| CH3NH2(g) | −22.5 | 32.7 | 242.9 |
| CH3CN(l) | 40.6 | 86.5 | 149.6 |
| CH3CN(g) | 74.0 | 91.9 | 243.4 |
| CO(g) | −110.5 | −137.2 | 197.7 |
| CO2(g) | −393.5 | −394.4 | 213.8 |
| CS2(l) | 89.0 | 64.6 | 151.3 |
| CS2(g) | 116.7 | 67.1 | 237.8 |
| C2H2(g) | 227.4 | 209.9 | 200.9 |
| C2H4(g) | 52.4 | 68.4 | 219.3 |
| C2H6(g) | −84.0 | −32.0 | 229.2 |
| C3H8(g) | −103.8 | −23.4 | 270.3 |
| C3H6O3(s) (lactic acid) | −694.1 | −522.9 | 142.3 |
| C6H6(l) | 49.1 | 124.5 | 173.4 |
| C6H6(g) | 82.9 | 129.7 | 269.2 |
| C6H12O6(s) (glucose) | −1273.3 | −910.4 | 212.1 |
| C2H5OH(l) | −277.6 | −174.8 | 160.7 |
| C2H5OH(g) | −234.8 | −167.9 | 281.6 |
| (CH3)2O(l) | −203.3 | — | — |
| (CH3)2O(g) | −184.1 | −112.6 | 266.4 |
| CH3CO2−(aq) | −486.0 | −369.3 | 86.6 |
| n-C12H26(l) (dodecane) | −350.9 | 28.1 | 490.6 |
| Cesium: | |||
| Cs(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 85.2 |
| Cs(g) | 76.5 | 49.6 | 175.6 |
| CsCl(s) | −443.0 | −414.5 | 101.2 |
| Chlorine: | |||
| Cl(g) | 121.3 | 105.3 | 165.2 |
| Cl2(g) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 223.1 |
| Cl−(aq) | −167.2 | −131.2 | 56.5 |
| HCl(g) | −92.3 | −95.3 | 186.9 |
| HCl(aq) | −167.2 | −131.2 | 56.5 |
| ClF3(g) | −163.2 | −123.0 | 281.6 |
| Chromium: | |||
| Cr(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 23.8 |
| Cr(g) | 396.6 | 351.8 | 174.5 |
| CrCl3(s) | −556.5 | −486.1 | 123.0 |
| CrO3(g) | −292.9 | — | 266.2 |
| Cr2O3(s) | −1139.7 | −1058.1 | 81.2 |
| Cobalt: | |||
| Co(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.0 |
| Co(g) | 424.7 | 380.3 | 179.5 |
| CoCl2(s) | −312.5 | −269.8 | 109.2 |
| Copper: | |||
| Cu(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 33.2 |
| Cu(g) | 337.4 | 297.7 | 166.4 |
| CuCl(s) | −137.2 | −119.9 | 86.2 |
| CuCl2(s) | −220.1 | −175.7 | 108.1 |
| CuO(s) | −157.3 | −129.7 | 42.6 |
| Cu2O(s) | −168.6 | −146.0 | 93.1 |
| CuS(s) | −53.1 | −53.6 | 66.5 |
| Cu2S(s) | −79.5 | −86.2 | 120.9 |
| CuCN(s) | 96.2 | 111.3 | 84.5 |
| Fluorine: | |||
| F(g) | 79.4 | 62.3 | 158.8 |
| F−(aq) | −332.6 | −278.8 | −13.8 |
| F2(g) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 202.8 |
| HF(g) | −273.3 | −275.4 | 173.8 |
| HF(aq) | −332.6 | −278.8 | −13.8 |
| Hydrogen: | |||
| H(g) | 218.0 | 203.3 | 114.7 |
| H2(g) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 130.7 |
| H+(aq) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Iodine: | |||
| I(g) | 106.8 | 70.2 | 180.8 |
| I−(aq) | −55.2 | −51.6 | 111.3 |
| I2(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 116.1 |
| I2(g) | 62.4 | 19.3 | 260.7 |
| HI(g) | 26.5 | 1.7 | 206.6 |
| HI(aq) | −55.2 | −51.6 | 111.3 |
| Iron: | |||
| Fe(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 27.3 |
| Fe(g) | 416.3 | 370.7 | 180.5 |
| Fe2+(aq) | −89.1 | −78.9 | −137.7 |
| Fe3+(aq) | −48.5 | −4.7 | −315.9 |
| FeCl2(s) | −341.8 | −302.3 | 118.0 |
| FeCl3(s) | −399.5 | −334.0 | 142.3 |
| FeO(s) | −272.0 | −251.4 | 60.7 |
| Fe2O3(s) | −824.2 | −742.2 | 87.4 |
| Fe3O4(s) | −1118.4 | −1015.4 | 146.4 |
| FeS2(s) | −178.2 | −166.9 | 52.9 |
| FeCO3(s) | −740.6 | −666.7 | 92.9 |
| Lead: | |||
| Pb(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 64.8 |
| Pb(g) | 195.2 | 162.2 | 175.4 |
| PbO(s, red or litharge) | −219.0 | −188.9 | 66.5 |
| PbO(s, yellow or massicot) | −217.3 | −187.9 | 68.7 |
| PbO2(s) | −277.4 | −217.3 | 68.6 |
| PbCl2(s) | −359.4 | −314.1 | 136.0 |
| PbS(s) | −100.4 | −98.7 | 91.2 |
| PbSO4(s) | −920.0 | −813.0 | 148.5 |
| PbCO3(s) | −699.1 | −625.5 | 131.0 |
| Pb(NO3)2(s) | −451.9 | — | — |
| Pb(NO3)2(aq) | −416.3 | −246.9 | 303.3 |
| Lithium: | |||
| Li(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 29.1 |
| Li(g) | 159.3 | 126.6 | 138.8 |
| Li+(aq) | −278.5 | −293.3 | 13.4 |
| LiCl(s) | −408.6 | −384.4 | 59.3 |
| Li2O(s) | −597.9 | −561.2 | 37.6 |
| Magnesium: | |||
| Mg(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 32.7 |
| Mg(g) | 147.1 | 112.5 | 148.6 |
| MgCl2(s) | −641.3 | −591.8 | 89.6 |
| MgO(s) | −601.6 | −569.3 | 27.0 |
| Mg(OH)2(s) | −924.5 | −833.5 | 63.2 |
| MgSO4(s) | −1284.9 | −1170.6 | 91.6 |
| MgS(s) | −346.0 | −341.8 | 50.3 |
| Manganese: | |||
| Mn(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 32.0 |
| Mn(g) | 280.7 | 238.5 | 173.7 |
| MnCl2(s) | −481.3 | −440.5 | 118.2 |
| MnO(s) | −385.2 | −362.9 | 59.7 |
| MnO2(s) | −520.0 | −465.1 | 53.1 |
| KMnO4(s) | −837.2 | −737.6 | 171.7 |
| MnO4−(aq) | −541.4 | −447.2 | 191.2 |
| Mercury: | |||
| Hg(l) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 75.9 |
| Hg(g) | 61.4 | 31.8 | 175.0 |
| HgCl2(s) | −224.3 | −178.6 | 146.0 |
| Hg2Cl2(s) | −265.4 | −210.7 | 191.6 |
| HgO(s) | −90.8 | −58.5 | 70.3 |
| HgS(s, red) | −58.2 | −50.6 | 82.4 |
| Hg2(g) | 108.8 | 68.2 | 288.1 |
| Molybdenum: | |||
| Mo(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 28.7 |
| Mo(g) | 658.1 | 612.5 | 182.0 |
| MoO2(s) | −588.9 | −533.0 | 46.3 |
| MoO3(s) | −745.1 | −668.0 | 77.7 |
| Nickel: | |||
| Ni(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 29.9 |
| Ni(g) | 429.7 | 384.5 | 182.2 |
| NiCl2(s) | −305.3 | −259.0 | 97.7 |
| Ni(OH)2(s) | −529.7 | −447.2 | 88.0 |
| Nitrogen: | |||
| N(g) | 472.7 | 455.5 | 153.3 |
| N2(g) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 191.6 |
| NH3(g) | −45.9 | −16.4 | 192.8 |
| NH4+(aq) | −132.5 | −79.3 | 113.4 |
| N2H4(l) | 50.6 | 149.3 | 121.2 |
| N2H4(g) | 95.4 | 159.4 | 238.5 |
| NH4Cl(s) | −314.4 | −202.9 | 94.6 |
| NH4OH(l) | −361.2 | −254.0 | 165.6 |
| NH4NO3(s) | −365.6 | −183.9 | 151.1 |
| (NH4)2SO4(s) | −1180.9 | −901.7 | 220.1 |
| NO(g) | 91.3 | 87.6 | 210.8 |
| NO2(g) | 33.2 | 51.3 | 240.1 |
| N2O(g) | 81.6 | 103.7 | 220.0 |
| N2O4(l) | −19.5 | 97.5 | 209.2 |
| N2O4(g) | 11.1 | 99.8 | 304.4 |
| HNO2(g) | −79.5 | −46.0 | 254.1 |
| HNO3(l) | −174.1 | −80.7 | 155.6 |
| HNO3(g) | −133.9 | −73.5 | 266.9 |
| HNO3(aq) | −207.4 | −111.3 | 146.4 |
| NF3(g) | −132.1 | −90.6 | 260.8 |
| HCN(l) | 108.9 | 125.0 | 112.8 |
| HCN(g) | 135.1 | 124.7 | 201.8 |
| Osmium: | |||
| Os(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 32.6 |
| Os(g) | 791.0 | 745.0 | 192.6 |
| OsO4(s) | −394.1 | −304.9 | 143.9 |
| OsO4(g) | −337.2 | −292.8 | 293.8 |
| Oxygen: | |||
| O(g) | 249.2 | 231.7 | 161.1 |
| O2(g) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 205.2 |
| O3(g) | 142.7 | 163.2 | 238.9 |
| OH−(aq) | −230.0 | −157.2 | −10.8 |
| H2O(l) | −285.8 | −237.1 | 70.0 |
| H2O(g) | −241.8 | −228.6 | 188.8 |
| H2O2(l) | −187.8 | −120.4 | 109.6 |
| H2O2(g) | −136.3 | −105.6 | 232.7 |
| Phosphorus: | |||
| P(s, white) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 41.1 |
| P(s, red) −17.6 | −17.6 | −12.5 | 22.8 |
| P(s, black) | −39.3 | — | — |
| P(g, white) | 316.5 | 280.1 | 163.2 |
| P2(g) | 144.0 | 103.5 | 218.1 |
| P4(g) | 58.9 | 24.4 | 280.0 |
| PCl3(l) | −319.7 | −272.3 | 217.1 |
| PCl3(g) | −287.0 | −267.8 | 311.8 |
| POCl3(l) | −597.1 | −520.8 | 222.5 |
| POCl3(g) | −558.5 | −512.9 | 325.5 |
| PCl5(g) | −374.9 | −305.0 | 364.6 |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 13.5 | 210.2 |
| H3PO4(s) | −1284.4 | −1124.3 | 110.5 |
| H3PO4(l) | −1271.7 | −1123.6 | 150.8 |
| Potassium: | |||
| K(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 64.7 |
| K(g) | 89.0 | 60.5 | 160.3 |
| KBr(s) | −393.8 | −380.7 | 95.9 |
| KCl(s) | −436.5 | −408.5 | 82.6 |
| KClO3(s) | −397.7 | −296.3 | 143.1 |
| K2O(s) | −361.5 | −322.1 | 94.1 |
| K2O2(s) | −494.1 | −425.1 | 102.1 |
| KNO2(s) | −369.8 | −306.6 | 152.1 |
| KNO3(s) | −494.6 | −394.9 | 133.1 |
| KSCN(s) | −200.2 | −178.3 | 124.3 |
| K2CO3(s) | −1151.0 | −1063.5 | 155.5 |
| K2SO4(s) | −1437.8 | −1321.4 | 175.6 |
| Rubidium: | |||
| Rb(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 76.8 |
| Rb(g) | 80.9 | 53.1 | 170.1 |
| RbCl(s) | −435.4 | −407.8 | 95.9 |
| Selenium: | |||
| Se(s, gray) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 42.4 |
| Se(g, gray) | 227.1 | 187.0 | 176.7 |
| H2Se(g) | 29.7 | 15.9 | 219.0 |
| Silicon: | |||
| Si(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18.8 |
| Si(g) | 450.0 | 405.5 | 168.0 |
| SiCl4(l) | −687.0 | −619.8 | 239.7 |
| SiCl4(g) | −657.0 | −617.0 | 330.7 |
| SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 56.9 | 204.6 |
| SiC(s, cubic) | −65.3 | −62.8 | 16.6 |
| SiC(s, hexagonal) | −62.8 | −60.2 | 16.5 |
| Silver: | |||
| Ag(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 42.6 |
| Ag(g) | 284.9 | 246.0 | 173.0 |
| Ag+(aq) | 105.6 | 77.1 | 72.7 |
| AgBr(s) | −100.4 | −96.9 | 107.1 |
| AgCl(s) | −127.0 | −109.8 | 96.3 |
| AgNO3(s) | −124.4 | −33.4 | 140.9 |
| Ag2O(s) | −31.1 | −11.2 | 121.3 |
| Ag2S(s) | −32.6 | −40.7 | 144.0 |
| Sodium: | |||
| Na(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 51.3 |
| Na(g) | 107.5 | 77.0 | 153.7 |
| Na+(aq) | −240.1 | −261.9 | 59.0 |
| NaF(s) | −576.6 | −546.3 | 51.1 |
| NaF(aq) | −572.8 | −540.7 | 45.2 |
| NaCl(s) | −411.2 | −384.1 | 72.1 |
| NaCl(aq) | −407.3 | −393.1 | 115.5 |
| NaBr(s) | −361.1 | −349.0 | 86.8 |
| NaBr(g) | −143.1 | −177.1 | 241.2 |
| NaBr(aq) | −361.7 | −365.8 | 141.4 |
| NaO2(s) | −260.2 | −218.4 | 115.9 |
| Na2O(s) | −414.2 | −375.5 | 75.1 |
| Na2O2(s) | −510.9 | −447.7 | 95.0 |
| NaCN(s) | −87.5 | −76.4 | 115.6 |
| NaNO3(aq) | −447.5 | −373.2 | 205.4 |
| NaNO3(s) | −467.9 | −367.0 | 116.5 |
| NaN3(s) | 21.7 | 93.8 | 96.9 |
| Na2CO3(s) | −1130.7 | −1044.4 | 135.0 |
| Na2SO4(s) | −1387.1 | −1270.2 | 149.6 |
| Sulfur: | |||
| S(s, rhombic) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 32.1 |
| S(g, rhombic) | 277.2 | 236.7 | 167.8 |
| SO2(g) | −296.8 | −300.1 | 248.2 |
| SO3(g) | −395.7 | −371.1 | 256.8 |
| SO42−(aq) | −909.3 | −744.5 | 20.1 |
| SOCl2(g) | −212.5 | −198.3 | 309.8 |
| H2S(g) | −20.6 | −33.4 | 205.8 |
| H2SO4(aq) | −909.3 | −744.5 | 20.1 |
| Tin: | |||
| Sn(s, white) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 51.2 |
| Sn(s, gray) | −2.1 | 0.1 | 44.1 |
| Sn(g, white) | 301.2 | 266.2 | 168.5 |
| SnCl4(l) | −511.3 | −440.1 | 258.6 |
| SnCl4(g) | −471.5 | −432.2 | 365.8 |
| SnO2(s) | −557.6 | −515.8 | 49.0 |
| Titanium: | |||
| Ti(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.7 |
| Ti(g) | 473.0 | 428.4 | 180.3 |
| TiCl2(s) | −513.8 | −464.4 | 87.4 |
| TiCl3(s) | −720.9 | −653.5 | 139.7 |
| TiCl4(l) | −804.2 | −737.2 | 252.3 |
| TiCl4(g) | −763.2 | −726.3 | 353.2 |
| TiO2(s) | −944.0 | −888.8 | 50.6 |
| Uranium: | |||
| U(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.2 |
| U(g) | 533.0 | 488.4 | 199.8 |
| UO2(s) | −1085.0 | −1031.8 | 77.0 |
| UO2(g) | −465.7 | −471.5 | 274.6 |
| UF4(s) | −1914.2 | −1823.3 | 151.7 |
| UF4(g) | −1598.7 | −1572.7 | 368.0 |
| UF6(s) | −2197.0 | −2068.5 | 227.6 |
| UF6(g) | −2147.4 | −2063.7 | 377.9 |
| Vanadium: | |||
| V(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 28.9 |
| V(g) | 514.2 | 754.4 | 182.3 |
| VCl3(s) | −580.7 | −511.2 | 131.0 |
| VCl4(l) | −569.4 | −503.7 | 255.0 |
| VCl4(g) | −525.5 | −492.0 | 362.4 |
| V2O5(s) | −1550.6 | −1419.5 | 131.0 |
| Zinc: | |||
| Zn(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 41.6 |
| Zn(g) | 130.4 | 94.8 | 161.0 |
| ZnCl2(s) | −415.1 | −369.4 | 111.5 |
| Zn(NO3)2(s) | −483.7 | — | — |
| ZnS(s, sphalerite) | −206.0 | −201.3 | 57.7 |
| ZnSO4(s) | −982.8 | −871.5 | 110.5 |
| Zirconium: | |||
| Zr(s) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 39.0 |
| Zr(g) | 608.8 | 566.5 | 181.4 |
| ZrCl2(s) | −502.0 | −386 | 110 |
| ZrCl4(s) | −980.5 | −889.9 | 181.6 |
Source of data: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition (2004).