Liquidation or Walkaway

There are times when a small business owner may decide that enough is enough, so he or she simply calls it quits, closes the business doors, and calls it a day.Stever Robbins, “Exit Strategies for Your Business,” Entrepreneur, June 27, 2005, accessed February 6, 2012, www.entrepreneur.com/article/78512. This happens all the time, to hundreds of businesses every day—for example, a small shop, a restaurant, a small construction company, a shoe store, a gift shop, a consignment shop, a nail salon, a bakery, or a video store.Andrew Clarke, “Exit Strategies for Small Business Owners,” Experts.com, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.experts.com/Articles/Exit-Strategies-for-Small -Business-Owners-By-Andrew-Clarke. This closing of the business involves liquidationThe sale of a business’s assets., the selling of all assets. If all debts are paid, it can also be referred to as a walkawayA small business that is closed with all debts paid..

To make any money with the liquidation exit strategy, a business must have valuable assets to sell—for example, land or expensive equipment. The name of the business may have some value, so it could be purchased by someone for pennies on the dollar and restarted with different owners. There is also a possibility that there may be a substantial amount of goodwill or even badwill if a business has been around for a long time. GoodwillAn intangible asset that reflects the value of intangible assets, such as a strong brand name, good customer relations, good employee relations, patents, intellectual property, the size and the quality of the customer list, and market penetration. is an intangible asset that reflects the value of intangible assets, such as a strong brand name, good customer relationships, good employee relationships, patents, intellectual property, size and quality of the customer list, and market penetration.“Goodwill,” Investopedia, accessed February 6, 2012, www.investopedia.com/terms/g/goodwill.asp. However, if a business is simply closed, the value of the goodwill will drop, and the selling price will be lower than it would have been prior to the business being closed.Andrew Clarke, “Exit Strategies for Small Business Owners,” Experts.com, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.experts.com/Articles/Exit-Strategies-for-Small -Business-Owners-By-Andrew-Clarke.

BadwillThe negative effect felt by a company when it is found out that a company has done something not in accord with good business practices. is the negative effect felt by a company when it is found out that a company has done something not in accord with good business practices. Although badwill is typically not expressed in a dollar amount, it can result in such things as decreased revenue; the loss of clients, customers, and suppliers; the loss of market share; the loss of credit; federal or state indictments for crimes committed, and censure by the community.“Badwill,” Investopedia, accessed February 6, 2012, www.investopedia.com/terms/b/badwill.asp. For the small business owner who wants to close under these circumstances, there will be nothing much to sell but tangible assets because the business will have very little, if any, market value.

In all instances of liquidation, the proceeds from the sale of assets must first be used to repay creditors. The remaining money is divided among the shareholders (if any), the partners (if any), and the owner.Stever Robbins, “Exit Strategies for Your Business,” Entrepreneur, June 27, 2005, accessed February 6, 2012, www.entrepreneur.com/article/78512. In an ideal walkaway situation, the following occurs:Jerome A. Katz and Richard P. Green, Entrepreneurial Small Business (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2009), 663.

• All bills are paid off (or scheduled).
• All taxes are paid, and the various levels of government are informed of the closure.
• Contracts, leases, and the like are fulfilled or formally terminated.
• Employees are let go to find other jobs.
• Assets or inventory is depleted.
• No lawsuits are consuming money and time.
• Customers are placed so that they get needed goods or services.
• If needed, insurance is continued to cover unexpected claims after the firm closes.

The walkaway is the cleanest and best way to exit, but it is not always possible for all businesses that decide to close their doors. There will, of course, always be those instances in which the owner closes the business and takes off, leaving a mess behind.

Any small business owner thinking about liquidation should consider the pros and cons, which are as follows:Andrew Clarke, “Exit Strategies for Small Business Owners,” Experts.com, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.experts.com/Articles/Exit-Strategies-for-Small -Business-Owners-By-Andrew-Clarke; Stever Robbins, “Exit Strategies for Your Business,” Entrepreneur, June 27, 2005, accessed February 6, 2012, www.entrepreneur.com/article/78512.

• Pros

  • It is easy and natural. Everything comes to an end.
  • No negotiations are involved.
  • There are no worries about the transfer of control.

• Cons

  • Get real! It is a waste. At most, the owner will get the market value of the company’s assets.
  • Things such as client lists, the owner’s reputation, and business relationships may be very valuable. Liquidation destroys them without an opportunity to recover their value.
  • Other shareholders, if any, may be less than thrilled about how much is left on the table.
  • If a company’s brand has any value, there is a loyal or sizeable customer base, or there is a stable core of employees, an owner would be significantly better off selling the company.

Family Succession

Many small business owners dream of passing the business to a family member. Keeping the business in the family allows the owner’s legacy to live on, which is clearly an attractive option. Family succession as an exit strategy also allows the owner an opportunity to groom the successor; the owner might even retain some influence and involvement in the business if desired.Susan Ward, “Exit Strategies for Your Small Business,” About.com, accessed February 6, 2012, sbinfocanada.about.com/od/businessplanning/a/exitstrategies.htm. However, given that very few family firms survive beyond the first generation and even fewer survive into the third generation,Sue Birley, “Succession in the Family Firm: The Inheritor’s View,” Journal of Small Business Management 24, no. 3 (1986): 36–43; Manfred F. R. Kets de Vries, “The Dynamics of Family Controlled Firms: The Good News and the Bad News,” Organizational Dynamics 21, no. 3 (1993), 59–68; Michael H. Morris, Roy O. Williams, Jeffrey A. Allen, and Ramon A. Avila, “Correlates of Success in Family Business Transitions,” Journal of Business Venturing 12 (1997): 385–401. successionPassing the business to the next generation. is the most critical issue facing family firms.Wendy C. Handler, “Succession in Family Business: A Review of the Literature,” Family Business Review 7, no. 2 (1994): 133–57. Succession is the transference of leadership from one generation to the next to ensure continuity of family ownership of the business.Stanley M. Davis, “Entrepreneurial Succession,” Administrative Science Quarterly 13 (1968): 402–16, as cited in A. Bakr Ibrahim, Khaled Soufani, Panikkos Poutziouris, and Jose Lam, “Qualities of an Effective Successor: The Role of Education and Training,” Education and Training 46, no. 8/9 (2004): 474–80.

A sudden decision to hand over the business to a family member is unwise. The owner will be burdened with problems that will likely lead to business failure. Succession in family firms is a multistage, complex process that should begin even before the heirs enter the business, and effects extend beyond the point in time when they are named as successors. Many factors are involved, and the succession should evolve over a long period of time.A. Bakr Ibrahim, Khaled Soufani, Panikkos Poutziouris, and Jose Lam, “Qualities of an Effective Successor: The Role of Education and Training,” Education and Training 46, no. 8/9 (2004): 474–80; Katiuska Cabrera-Suarez, “Leadership Transfer and the Successor’s Development in the Family Firm,” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005): 71–96. Further, because succession is usually followed by changes in the organization, particularly the change in the top position, it is thought to be an indicator of the future of the business. The better prepared and committed the successor is, the greater the likelihood of a successful succession process and business.Katiuska Cabrera-Suarez, “Leadership Transfer and the Successor’s Development in the Family Firm,” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005): 71–96. The quality of interpersonal relationships, successors’ expectations, and the role of the predecessor are also relevant to success.Katiuska Cabrera-Suarez, “Leadership Transfer and the Successor’s Development in the Family Firm,” The Leadership Quarterly 16 (2005): 71–96.

The ideal is for the family business to have engaged in formal succession planningPlanning for the family business to be transferred to a family member or members.: planning for the family business to be transferred to a family member or members. The failure to plan for succession is seen as a fundamental human resource problem as well as the primary cause for the poor survival rate of family businesses.A. Bakr Ibrahim, Khaled Soufani, Panikkos Poutziouris, and Jose Lam, “Qualities of an Effective Successor: The Role of Education and Training,” Education and Training 46, no. 8/9 (2004): 474–80. Unfortunately, a very small percentage of family businesses plan appropriately for succession, and those that do frequently have mental, not written, plans.Stephan van der Merwe, Elmarie Venter, and Suria M. Ellis, “An Exploratory Study of Some of the Determinants of Management Succession Planning in Family Businesses,” Management Dynamics 18, no. 4 (2009): 2–17. A discussion of succession planning is in Chapter 3 "Family Businesses".

Bankruptcy

Feeling the need to file for bankruptcy is a tough pill for any small business owner to swallow. BankruptcyAn extreme form of business termination that uses a legal method for closing a business and paying off creditors when a business is failing and the debts are substantially greater than the assets. is an extreme form of business termination that uses a legal method for closing a business and paying off creditors when the business is failing and the debts are substantially greater than the assets.Jerome A. Katz and Richard P. Green, Entrepreneurial Small Business (New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2009), 663. Because bankruptcy is a complicated legal process, it is important to get an attorney involved as soon as possible. There may be options other than bankruptcy, and consulting with an attorney will help. The owner must understand how bankruptcy works and the options that are available. It is also good to know that not all bankruptcies are voluntary; creditors can petition the court for a business to declare bankruptcy.“Bankruptcy,” US Small Business Administration, accessed February 6, 2012, www.sba.gov/content/bankruptcy.

Chapter 7 small business bankruptcy, more commonly referred to as liquidation, is appropriate when a business is failing, has no future, and has no substantial assets. This form of bankruptcy makes sense only if the owner wants to walk away. It is particularly suited to sole proprietorships and other small businesses in which the business is essentially an extension of its owner’s skills.Caron Beesley, “Bankruptcy Options for the Small Business Owner,” AllBusiness.com, February 5, 2009, accessed February 6, 2012, www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/company-structures-ownership/11772426-1.html; “Small Business Bankruptcy…You Have Choices,” Daniel B. James Group, accessed February 6, 2012, www.small-business-bankruptcy.com. Under Chapter 7 bankruptcy law, a trustee will take a business apart, selling assets to satisfy outstanding debts and discharging debts that cannot be satisfied with the assets that are available.Caron Beesley, “Bankruptcy Options for the Small Business Owner,” AllBusiness.com, February 5, 2009, accessed February 6, 2012, www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/company-structures-ownership/11772426-1.html; “Small Business Bankruptcy…You Have Choices,” Daniel B. James Group, accessed February 6, 2012, www.small-business-bankruptcy.com.

Chapter 11 small business bankruptcy allows an owner to run a business with court oversight. The owner loses control of the firm, but it continues to operate. The owner is protected from creditors in the short term because the court orders an automatic stay that prevents the creditors from seizing your assets. Unfortunately, the outcome is not pleasant. The owner is out as manager, and the creditors end up owning the business. If the owner cannot pay the $75,000+ in legal fees, the judge will probably order liquidation, so the result is the same as a Chapter 7.“Small Business Bankruptcy…You Have Choices,” Daniel B. James Group, accessed February 6, 2012, www.small-business-bankruptcy.com. This form of bankruptcy applies to sole proprietorships, corporations, and partnerships.Caron Beesley, “Bankruptcy Options for the Small Business Owner,” AllBusiness.com, February 5, 2009, www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/company-structures-ownership/11772426-1.html.

The amount that creditors can collect will depend on how a business is structured. If a business is a sole proprietorship, the owner’s personal assets may be used to pay off business debts, depending on the chosen bankruptcy option. If a business is a corporation, a limited liability company, or some form of a partnership, the owner’s personal assets are protected and cannot be used to pay off business debts.“Bankruptcy,” US Small Business Administration, accessed February 6, 2012, www.sba.gov/content/bankruptcy.

Alternatives to Bankruptcy

Instead of going the bankruptcy route, a small business owner could do the following things:“Small Business Bankruptcy…You Have Choices,” Daniel B. James Group, accessed February 6, 2012, www.small-business-bankruptcy.com.

• Negotiate debt. This involves trying to reorganize a business’s finances outside a legal proceeding. The owner can work with the creditors to renegotiate the terms of payment and the amount owed to each creditor. If a business is basically profitable but the debt situation is due to an unusual circumstance, such as a lawsuit or a temporary industry slowdown, this could be a successful solution.
• Improve operations. If the owner is in a position to fix the cash problem by fixing the underlying problems in the business, it may not be necessary to declare bankruptcy. An owner should look at cash-flow controls; eliminate unprofitable products, services, and divisions; and restructure into a leaner and meaner organization.
• Turn around and restructure the business. This alternative combines debt negotiation and operational improvement—perhaps the best choice. By doing both things at the same time, an owner will be in an even stronger position to improve the balance sheet, cash flow, and profitability—and avoid insolvency.

Taking a Company Public

An initial public offering (IPO)A stock offering in which the owner or owners of equity in the formerly private company have their private holdings transferred into issues tradable on public markets. is a stock offering in which the owner or owners of equity in a formerly private company have their private holdings transferred into issues tradable in public markets, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).Timothy Faley, “Making Your Exit,” Inc., March 1, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.inc.com/resources/startup/articles/20060301/tfaley.html. From the initial owners’ perspective, an IPO is often seen as liquidation, but it is also a money event for a company. For this reason, an IPO makes sense only if a small business can benefit from a substantial infusion of cash.Timothy Faley, “Making Your Exit,” Inc., March 1, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.inc.com/resources/startup/articles/20060301/tfaley.html.

IPOs receive lots of press, even though they are really very rare. In a typical year, there may be 200 IPOs, perhaps even less. Consider the following data:“IPOs in 2011,” Upcoming-IPOs.com, August 23, 2011, accessed February 6, 2012, upcoming-ipos.com/ipos-in-2011; Trent Tillman, “2010 Year-End U.S. IPO Review and 2011 Outlook,” Syndicate Trader, March 4, 2011, accessed February 6, 2012, syndicatetrader.wordpress.com/2011/03/04/2010-year-end-u-s-ipo-review-and-2011 -outlook.

• 2008: 32 IPOs
• 2009: 63 IPOs
• 2010: 157 IPOs
• 2011: 159 IPOsDouglas W. Campbell, “2011 IPO Review & 2012 Outlook,” Triad Securities, January 6, 2012, accessed February 28, 2012, www.triadsecurities.com/ipo_review/20120106.

Why are the numbers so small?Andrew Clarke, “Exit Strategies for Small Business Owners,” Experts.com, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.experts.com/Articles/Exit-Strategies-for-Small -Business-Owners-By-Andrew-Clarke. The IPO process is costly, labor intensive, and usually requires an up-front investment of more than $100,000. Detailed reports are required on a business’s financials, staffing, marketing, operations, management, and so forth. Preparing these reports typically costs hundreds of thousands of dollars, sometimes millions, every year. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act alone, a product of the Enron scandal, costs even the smallest companies several hundred thousands of dollars in consulting fees. Lastly, many companies are not valued very highly on the stock market.

When thinking about an IPO, consider the following pros and cons:Stever Robbins, “Exit Strategies for Your Business,” Entrepreneur, June 27, 2005, accessed February 6, 2012, www.entrepreneur.com/article/78512.

• Pros

  • The owner will be on the cover of Newsweek.
  • The stock will be worth in the tens—or even hundreds—of millions of dollars.
  • Venture capitalists will finally stop bugging the owner as they frantically try to ensure their shares will retain value.

• Cons

  • Only a very few number of small businesses actually have this option available to them because there are so few IPOs in the United States each year.
  • A business needs financial and accounting rigor from day one that is way beyond what many small business owners put in place.
  • The owner will spend most of his or her time selling the company, not running it.
  • Investment bankers take 6 percent off the top, and the transaction costs of an IPO can run into the millions.

Stever Robbins of Entrepreneur paints an amusing but very dismal picture of what is actually involved in an IPO.Stever Robbins, “Exit Strategies for Your Business,” Entrepreneur, June 27, 2005, accessed February 6, 2012, www.entrepreneur.com/article/78512.

For some small businesses, although not many, an IPO might make sense—and may even be necessary. For most, however, an IPO is clearly not a viable exit strategy.

Selling the Business

Another possible exit strategy is selling the business. Although the sale of a business is sometimes described as the end of entrepreneurship or as failure or defeat,J. G. Pellegrin, “Toward a Model of Making and Executing the Decision to Sell: An Exploratory Study of the Sale of Family Owned Companies” (PhD diss.), Lausanne Business School, Switzerland, 1999, as cited in Christian Niedermeyer, Peter Jaskiewicz, and Sabine B. Klein, “’Can’t Get to Satisfaction?’ Evaluating the Sale of the Family Business from the Family’s Perspective and Driving Implications for New Venture Activities,” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 22, no. 3–4 (2010): 293–320. selling the business can also be a relief and the beginning of the next phase of the owner’s personal and professional life. As in the case of SoBe (highlighted at the beginning of this chapter), the owners sold the business because, among other things, it was becoming something they did not want it to be—and it was no longer fun. Whatever the reason, an owner can sell a business only once, so be sure that it is the right exit strategy. The owner should address the following questions:Barbara Taylor, “How to Sell Your Business,” New York Times, January 7, 2010, accessed February 6, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/business/smallbusiness/07guide.html; Anthony Tjan, “The Founder’s Dilemma: To Sell or Not to Sell?,” Harvard Business Review, February 18, 2011, accessed February 6, 2012, blogs.hbr.org/tjan/2011/02/the-founders-dilemma-to-sell-o.html.

1. Can the business be sold? There are many things that make a business attractive to buyers: a solid history of profitability, a large and loyal base of customers, a good reputation, a competitive advantage (e.g., intellectual property rights, patents, long-term contracts with clients, and exclusive distributorships), opportunities for growth, a desirable location, a skilled workforce, and a loyal workforce. If a business does not have at least some of these things or others of equal value, it will not likely generate much interest in the market.
2. Is the owner ready to sell or does the owner need to sell? Selling a business, when it is a choice, requires emotional and financial readiness. The owner must think about what life will be like after the business is sold. What will be a source of income? How will time be spent? Has the owner “sold out” or could more have been done with the business? Does the owner love what he or she is doing? Many small business owners suffer real remorse after handing their businesses over to a new owner. Selling the business because the owner is forced to will engender very different emotional and financial challenges.
3. What is the business worth? The owner may have no idea. For example, the owner of a small professional services firm felt the firm was worth more than $1 million. After a lengthy search, however, the owner received less than one-half that amount from the buyer. On the other side of the coin, the owner of an information technology (IT) company planned to sell the company to an employee for $200,000. However, after advertising the business for sale nationwide, the owner sold it for one dollar shy of $1 million.

It is recommended that an owner start planning for a sale at least three to four years in advance. Sometimes, even five years is not long enough. It is very easy to become overly attached to a business, so it will be difficult to see how the business really looks to an outsider.Andrew Clarke, “Exit Strategies for Small Business Owners,” Experts.com, 2006, accessed February 6, 2012, www.experts.com/Articles/Exit-Strategies-for-Small -Business-Owners-By-Andrew-Clarke. Selling a business is an art and a science. If the asking price is too high, this may signal to potential buyers that the owner is not really interested in selling. Because there are several methods used to value a business, it is a good idea to hire a professional.Barbara Taylor, “How to Sell Your Business,” New York Times, January 7, 2010, accessed February 6, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2010/01/07/business/smallbusiness/07guide.html.

There are different ways to sell a business (see Figure 14.5 "Four Ways to Sell a Small Business"). Acquisition, friendly buyout, selling to the employees, and selling on the open market are discussed here. Be aware, however, that if a business is floundering and it is well known that the business is having major problems paying bills, vulture capitalistsA venture capitalist who invests in floundering firms in the hope that they will turn around. might start circling. A vulture capitalist is a venture capitalistIndividuals who provide money for start-up businesses or additional capital for a business to grow. They invest to make not only a profit but also returns that are substantially greater than those found in the market. who invests in floundering firms in the hope that they will turn around.“Vulture Capitalist,” Investopedia, accessed February 6, 2012, www.investopedia.com/terms/v/vulturecapitalist.asp; “Vulture Capitalist,” Urban Dictionary, November 12, 2009, accessed February 6, 2012, www.urbandictionary.com/define.php ?term=Vulture%20Capitalist. A venture capitalist is an investor who either provides capital to start-up ventures or supports small companies to expand but does not have access to public funding. Venture capitalists typically expect higher returns because they are taking additional risks.“Venture Capitalist,” Investopedia, accessed February 6, 2012, www.investopedia.com/terms/v/venturecapitalist.asp.

Figure 14.5 Four Ways to Sell a Small Business