This is “Carbohydrates and Personal Diet Choices”, section 4.6 from the book An Introduction to Nutrition (v. 1.0). For details on it (including licensing), click here.
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In this chapter, you learned what carbohydrates are, the different types of carbohydrates in your diet, and that excess consumption of some types of carbohydrates cause disease while others decrease disease risk. Now that we know the benefits of eating the right carbohydrate, we will examine exactly how much should be eaten to promote health and prevent disease.
The Food and Nutrition Board of IOM has set the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of carbohydrates for children and adults at 130 grams per day. This is the average minimum amount the brain requires to function properly. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is between 45 and 65 percent. This means that on a 2,000 kilocalorie diet, a person should consume between 225 and 325 grams of carbohydrate each day. According to the IOM not more than 25 percent of total calories consumed should come from added sugars. The World Health Organization and the AHA recommend much lower intakes of added sugars—10 percent or less of total calories consumed. The IOM has also set Adequate Intakes for dietary fiber, which are 38 and 25 grams for men and women, respectively. The recommendations for dietary fiber are based upon the intake levels known to prevent against heart disease.
Table 4.3 Dietary Reference Intakes for Carbohydrates and Fiber
Carbohydrate Type | RDA (g/day) | AMDR (% calories) |
---|---|---|
Total Carbohydrates | 130 | 45–65 |
Added Sugars | < 25 | |
Fiber | 38 (men),* 25 (women)* | |
* denotes Adequate Intake |
Carbohydrates are contained in all five food groups: grains, fruits, vegetables, meats, and beans (only in some processed meats and beans), and dairy products. Fast-releasing carbohydrates are more prevalent in fruits, fruit juices, and dairy products, while slow-releasing carbohydrates are more plentiful in starchy vegetables, beans, and whole grains. Fast-releasing carbohydrates are also found in large amounts in processed foods, soft drinks, and sweets. On average, a serving of fruits, whole grains, or starches contains 15 grams of carbohydrates. A serving of dairy contains about 12 grams of carbohydrates, and a serving of vegetables contains about 5 grams of carbohydrates. Table 4.4 "Carbohydrates in Foods (grams/serving)" gives the specific amounts of carbohydrates, fiber, and added sugar of various foods.
Table 4.4 Carbohydrates in Foods (grams/serving)
Foods | Total Carbohydrates | Sugars | Fiber | Added Sugars |
---|---|---|---|---|
Apple | 19 (1 medium) | 19.00 | 4.4 | 0 |
Banana | 27 (1 medium) | 14.40 | 3.1 | 0 |
Lentils | 40 (1 c.) | 3.50 | 16.0 | 0 |
Snap beans | 8.7 (1 c.) | 1.60 | 4.0 | 0 |
Green pepper | 5.5 (1 medium) | 2.90 | 2.0 | 0 |
Corn tortilla | 10.7 (1) | 0.20 | 1.5 | 0 |
Bread, wheat bran | 17.2 (1 slice) | 3.50 | 1.4 | 3.4 |
Bread, rye | 15.5 (1 slice) | 1.20 | 1.9 | 1.0 |
Bagel (plain) | 53 (1 medium) | 5.30 | 2.3 | 4.8 |
Brownie | 36 (1 square) | 20.50 | 1.2 | 20.0 |
Oatmeal cookie | 22.3 (1 oz.) | 12.00 | 2.0 | 7.7 |
Cornflakes | 23 (1 c.) | 1.50 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
Pretzels | 47 (10 twists) | 1.30 | 1.7 | 0 |
Popcorn (homemade) | 58 (100 g) | 0.50 | 10.0 | 0 |
Skim milk | 12 (1 c.) | 12.00 | 0 | 0 |
Cream (half and half) | 0.65 (1 Tbs.) | 0.02 | 0 | 0 |
Cream substitute | 1.0 (1 tsp.) | 1.00 | 0 | 1.0 |
Cheddar cheese | 1.3 (1 slice) | 0.50 | 0 | 0 |
Yogurt (with fruit) | 32.3 (6 oz.) | 32.30 | 0 | 19.4 |
Caesar dressing | 2.8 (1 Tbs.) | 2.80 | 0 | 2.4 |
Sources: US Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Last modified December 7, 2011. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/, and US Department of Agriculture. "Database for the Added Sugars Content of Selected Foods." February 2006. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
In choosing dietary sources of carbohydrates the best ones are those that are nutrient dense, meaning they contain more essential nutrients per calorie of energy. In general, nutrient-dense carbohydrates are minimally processed and include whole-grain breads and cereals, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and beans. In contrast, empty-calorie carbohydrate foods are highly processed and often contain added sugars and fats. Soft drinks, cakes, cookies, and candy are examples of empty-calorie carbohydrates. They are sometimes referred to as ‘bad carbohydrates,’ as they are known to cause health problems when consumed in excess.
This interactive USDA tool allows you to enter the foods and serving size of what you’re eating and find out the whole nutrient package.
While nutrition facts labels aid in determining the amount of carbohydrates you eat, they do not help in determining whether a food is refined or not. The ingredients list provides some help in this regard. It identifies all of the food’s ingredients in order of concentration, with the most concentrated ingredient first. When choosing between two breads, pick the one that lists whole wheat (not wheat flour) as the first ingredient, and avoid those with other flour ingredients, such as white flour or corn flour. (Enriched wheat flour refers to white flour with added vitamins.) Eat less of products that list HFCS and other sugars such as sucrose, honey, dextrose, and cane sugar in the first five ingredients. If you want to eat less processed foods then, in general, stay away from products with long ingredient lists. On the front of food and beverages the manufacturers may include claims such as “sugar-free,” “reduced sugar,” “high fiber,” etc.. The Nutrition and Labeling Act of 1990 has defined for the food industry and consumers what these labels mean (Table 4.5 "Food Labels Pertaining to Carbohydrates").
Table 4.5 Food Labels Pertaining to Carbohydrates
Label | Meaning |
---|---|
Sugar-free | Contains less than 0.5 grams of sugar per serving |
Reduced sugar | Contains 25 percent less sugar than similar product |
Less sugar | Contains 25 percent less sugar than similar product, and was not altered by processing to become so |
No sugars added | No sugars added during processing |
High fiber | Contains at least 20 percent of daily value of fiber in each serving |
A good source of fiber | Contains between 10 and 19 percent of the daily value of fiber per serving |
More fiber | Contains 10 percent or more of the daily value of fiber per serving |
Source: US Food and Drug Administration. “Appendix A: Definitions of Nutrient Claims.” Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide. September 1994. Last revised October 2009. http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064911.htm.
One serving of Cheerios contains 12 percent of the Daily Value of fiber.
© Shutterstock
In addition, the FDA permits foods that contain whole oats (which contain soluble fiber) to make the health claim on the package that the food reduces the risk of coronary heart disease. The FDA no longer permits Cheerios to make the claim that by eating their cereal “you can lower your cholesterol four percent in six weeks.”
Read the labels and ingredient lists of foods to determine your carbohydrate intake and know the types of carbohydrate you consume.
Carbohydrates are in most foods so you have a great variety of choices with which to meet the carbohydrates recommendations for a healthy diet. The 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommends eating more unrefined carbohydrates and more fiber, and reducing consumption of foods that are high in added sugars. To accomplish these recommendations use some or all of the following suggestions:
Visit the USDA “Database for the Added Sugars Content of Selected Foods” and find the added sugar contents of foods common in your diet. Discuss some of the “surprises” that you discover with your classmates.
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/add_sug/addsug01.pdf