What Is Nutritional Balance and Moderation?

2.2 What Is Nutritional Balance and Moderation?

Learning Objective

Define the components of a healthful diet.

Achieving a Healthy Diet

Achieving a healthy diet is a matter of balancing the quality and quantity of food that is eaten. There are five key factors that make up a healthful diet:

A diet must be adequateA dietary term signifying a diet that provides all nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintaining good health and body weight., by providing sufficient amounts of each essential nutrient, as well as fiber and calories.
A balanced dietA balanced diet supplies various types of foods in proportion to one another. With balance, foods rich in one nutrient leave room for foods that are rich in other nutrients. results when you do not consume one nutrient at the expense of another, but rather get appropriate amounts of all nutrients.
Calorie controlControlling energy intake so that energy requirements are being met but not exceeded. is necessary so that the amount of energy you get from the nutrients you consume equals the amount of energy you expend during your day’s activities.
ModerationNot eating to the extremes, neither too much nor too little. means not eating to the extremes, neither too much nor too little.
VarietyConsuming an abundance of foods from different food groups on a regular basis. refers to consuming different foods from within each of the food groups on a regular basis.

A healthy diet is one that favors whole foods. As an alternative to modern processed foods, a healthy diet focuses on “real” fresh whole foods that have been sustaining people throughout the millenniums. Whole foods supply the needed vitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates, fats, and fiber that are essential to good health. Commercially prepared and fast foods are often lacking nutrients and often contain inordinate amounts of sugar, salt, saturated and trans fats, all of which are associated with the development of diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, cancer, obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, and other illnesses. A balanced diet is a mix of food from the different food groups (vegetables, legumes, fruits, grains, protein foods, and dairy).

Adequacy

An adequate diet is one that favors nutrient-dense foods. Nutrient-dense foodsFoods that contain many nutrients per calorie. are defined as foods that contain many essential nutrients per calorie. Nutrient-dense foods are the opposite of “empty-calorie” foods, such as sugary carbonated beverages, which are also called “nutrient-poor.” Nutrient-dense foods include fruits and vegetables, lean meats, poultry, fish, low-fat dairy products, and whole grains. Choosing more nutrient-dense foods will facilitate weight loss, while simultaneously providing all necessary nutrients.

Tools for Change

Does your diet contain nutrient-dense foods? Record your eating habits for one week. Note the sugary, fatty, and calorie-heavy foods you most often consume. Look at Table 2.2 "The Smart Choice: Nutrient-Dense Food Alternatives" to decide what you can substitute those foods with.

Table 2.2 The Smart Choice: Nutrient-Dense Food Alternatives

Instead of…	Replace with…
Sweetened fruit yogurt	Plain fat-free yogurt with fresh fruit
Whole milk	Low-fat or fat-free milk
Cheese	Low-fat or reduced-fat cheese
Bacon or sausage	Canadian bacon or lean ham
Sweetened cereals	Minimally sweetened cereals with fresh fruit
Apple or berry pie	Fresh apple or berries
Deep-fried French fries	Oven-baked French fries or sweet potato baked fries
Fried vegetables	Steamed or roasted vegetables
Sugary sweetened soft drinks	Seltzer mixed with 100 percent fruit juice
Recipes that call for sugar	Experiment with reducing amount of sugar and adding spices (cinnamon, nutmeg, etc…)

Source: US Department of Agriculture. “Food Groups.” http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/.

Balance

With careful planning, a balanced diet providing optimal nutrition can be achieved and maintained.

Balance the foods in your diet. Achieving balance in your diet entails not consuming one nutrient at the expense of another. For example, calcium is essential for healthy teeth and bones, but too much calcium will interfere with iron absorption. Most foods that are good sources of iron are poor sources of calcium, so in order to get the necessary amounts of calcium and iron from your diet, a proper balance between food choices is critical. Another example is that while sodium is a vital nutrient, an overabundance of it can contribute to congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Remember, everything must be consumed in the proper amounts.

Moderation

Eat in moderation. Moderation is crucial for optimal health and survival. Burgers, French fries, cake, and ice cream each night for dinner will lead to health complications. But as part of an otherwise healthful diet and consumed only on a weekly basis, this should not have too much of an impact on overall health. If this is done once per month, it will have even less of an impact upon overall health. It’s important to remember that eating is, in part, about enjoyment and indulging with a spirit of moderation. This fits within a healthy diet.

Calorie Control

The number of calories consumed should always match the number of calories being expended by the body to maintain a healthy weight.

Monitor food portions. For optimum weight maintenance, it is important to ensure that energy consumed from foods meets the energy expenditures required for body functions and activity. If not, the excess energy contributes to gradual, steady weight gain. In order to lose weight, you need to ensure that more calories are burned than consumed. Likewise, in order to gain weight, calories must be eaten in excess of what is expended daily.

Variety

Scientific evidence confirms that a diet full of fresh whole foods reduces the risks for developing chronic disease and helps maintain a healthy weight.

Variety involves eating different foods from all the food groups. Eating a varied diet helps to ensure that you receive all the nutrients necessary for a healthy diet. One of the major drawbacks of a monotonous diet is the risk of consuming too much of some nutrients and not enough of others. Trying new foods can also be a source of pleasure—you never know what foods you might like until you try them.

Table 2.3 Food Choices for a Healthful Diet

Grain	Vegetable	Fruit	Dairy	Protein
Whole-grain products, brown rice, quinoa, barley, buckwheat, millet, wild rice, oats, rye berries, sorghum, bulgur, kasha, farrow, wheat berries, corn, amaranth, spelt, Teff	Dark green: broccoli, collards, kale, romaine lettuce, spinach, turnip greens, watercress	apples, apricots, bananas	all fluid milk (fat free, low-fat, reduced-fat, whole milk, lactose-free), fortified soy milk, yogurt	Meats: beef, ham, lamb, pork, veal
	Red and orange: Acorn squash, butternut squash, carrots, pumpkin, red peppers, sweet potatoes	Berries: strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, cherries, grapefruit, kiwi fruit, lemons, limes, mangoes	Hard natural cheeses: cheddar, mozzarella, Swiss, parmesan	Poultry: chicken, goose, turkey, duck
	Beans and peas: Black beans, black-eyed peas, chickpeas, kidney beans, lentils, navy beans, pinto beans, soybeans, split peas, white beans	Melons: cantaloupe, honey dew, watermelon	Soft cheeses: ricotta, cottage	Eggs
	Starchy: Cassava, green bananas, green peas, green lima beans, plantains, potatoes, taro, water chestnuts	Other fruits: nectarines, oranges, peaches, pears, papaya, pineapple, plums, prunes		Beans and peas: (see vegetable column)
	Other vegetables: Asparagus, avocado, bean sprouts, beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, eggplant, green beans, green peppers, mushrooms, okra, onions, parsnips			Nuts and seeds: almonds, cashews, hazelnuts, peanuts, pecans, pistachios, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, walnuts
				Seafood: catfish, cod, flounder, haddock, halibut, herring, mackerel, pollock, porgy, salmon, sea bass, snapper, swordfish, trout, tuna
				Shellfish: scallops, muscles, crab, lobster

Source: Adapted from http://www.choosemyplate.gov/food-groups/protein-foods.html.

Video Link 2.1

Different Types of Grains

In this video, a registered dietitian discusses the benefits of eating whole grains.

http://www.ehow.com/video_4983984_different-types-grains.html

Widening your food palate will increase your intake of vital nutrients.

Developing a healthful diet can be rewarding, but be mindful that all of the principles presented must be followed to derive maximal health benefits. For instance, introducing variety in your diet can still result in the consumption of too many high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods and inadequate nutrient intake if you do not also employ moderation and calorie control. Using all of these principles together will afford you lasting health benefits.

Key Takeaways

A healthful diet is adequate in providing proper amounts of nutrient-dense foods, is balanced in relation to food types so that one nutrient is not consumed at the expense of another, practices calorie control by supplying food energy to match energy output, is moderate in unwanted constituents, and draws from a variety of nutritious foods.
Nutrient-dense foods contribute to daily nutritional requirements while limiting caloric intake, thus allowing people to either lose weight safely or to maintain a healthy weight.

Discussion Starters

Discuss the principles of a healthy diet. How can you employ these principles in your diet, if you are not already?
Review the list of grains in Table 2.3 "Food Choices for a Healthful Diet". Pick one that you have not tried before. Make a dish using this grain. Discuss with your classmates your experience eating this new food.